Fascism! Fascist! have become extremely common derogatory titles and nicknames these days, and their use can mean anything and everything. But have we ever delved into the depths of this ideology? Is there a real danger of a fascist outbreak in our society? And what is more serious: do we already have fascist characteristics? These are questions that no less than Umberto Eco deals with, in one of his iconic documents, and captures and distills the essence of a current with countless incarnations and forms, into a clear and tangible image. Umberto Eco's text – who grew up in Mussolini's Italy – emerges from the eyes of the child who won an essay competition sponsored by the fascist regime, passes through layers of inquisitive and learned maturity, and culminates in a clear look at totalitarian regimes. Eco is a category of fascism, but no less an advocate of humanism, believing that even in the darkest night, in the heart of darkness, there are lights burning and a message of hope. Eternal Fascism is accompanied by a test of values – a penetrating, humane and discerning text by Mordechai Bar-On, which is an examination of Israeli reality, a home inspection and an impassioned call for the establishment of a civil and democratic society. This call comes from the mouth of a man who devoted seventy years to public activity, starting during the period of the establishment of Israel, through vigorous activity as a chief education officer, as head of Moshe Dayan's office, as a member of Knesset, as a cultural figure and researcher.